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контрольная: ECONOMICGROWTH 1. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова и выражения. Environment, disproportionately, nevertheless, welfare, therefore, desirability, furthermore, revenues, cumula­tive, obvious, incentive, attainable, affluent societies, gross national product, excess capac­ity, utilization of resources, deplorable living condi­tions, a low expectancy of life, proportionate share of increment, in general usage, any valid comparisons, corresponding changes. 2. К каждому термину из левой колонки подберите русский перевод. Запишите получившиеся пары и выучите слова и выражения. a

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ECONOMICGROWTH

1. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова и выражения.

Environment, disproportionately, nevertheless, welfare, therefore, desirability, furthermore, revenues, cumula­tive, obvious, incentive, attainable, affluent societies, gross national product, excess capac­ity, utilization of resources, deplorable living condi­tions, a low expectancy of life, proportionate share of increment, in general usage, any valid comparisons, corresponding changes.

2. К каждому термину из левой колонки подберите русский перевод. Запишите получившиеся пары и выучите слова и выражения.

3. Внимательно прочитайте текст № 1, переведите его устно.

Economic Growth

Insistent demands for higher standards of living have put great pressures on governments to achieve faster rates of economic growth. In the more affluent societies there has been some reaction against the pressures for more rapid growth. Opponents of growth maintain that the costs of growth in terms of damage to the environment and the 'quality of life' are disproportionately high. Nevertheless, the demands for more consumption and more leisure are strong enough to make growth a major objective of eco­nomic policy.

The meaning of economic growth

In general usage, economic growth is taken to mean any increase in the Gross National Product, but for several reasons this is a rather misleading use of the term. First of all, GNP is measured in terms of money values so that inflation will increase the figure from one year to another. If we are to use the concept of growth to indicate changes in real income, the annual GNP figures must be corrected for price changes before any valid comparisons can be made. Secondly, changes in real GNP do not necessarily indicate corresponding changes in economic welfare. These are more accurately indicated by changes in real income per head so that changes in GNP should be related to changes in population. We should also take account of the composition of total output when relating growth to liv­ing standards. A massive increase in defence spending would show up as a large increase in GNP, but it would be misleading to use this as an indication of an improvement in material living standards.

There is one further distinction to be made. When an economy is functioning with excess capacity, GNP may be increased by putting the unemployed resources to work. Economists do not usually describe an increase in GNP which arises from a fall in unemployment as economic growth because the extra output is a one-and-for-all gain. The problem of economic growth is how to increase output when all resources are fully employed; it refers, therefore, to an increase in the country's productive potential. This means that economic growth can only be measured between periods when the utilization of resources, or rates of unem­ployment, were very similar.

The desirability of economic growth

Growth is an important objective of economic policy because it is the key to higher standards of living. It is eco­nomical growth which has made it possible for millions of people to escape from the miseries of long hours of a back-breaking toil, deplorable living conditions, a low expectan­cy of life and other features of low income societies. Furthermore, people have come to expect economic growth — we expect our children to have a better life (in the mate­rial sense) than we have had.

From the government's point of view, economic growth is desirable because it brings in increasing revenues from a given structure of tax rates. It means that more and better schools, hospitals, and other social services can be provided without resorting to the politically unpopular measure of raising the rates of taxation. Economic growth also makes it easier (politically) to carry out policies of income distribu­tion which favour the less well off. If real income per head is increasing, a more than proportionate share of the incre­ment can be allocated to lower income groups and a less than proportionate share to the higher income groups. No one need be worse off.

Of great importance is the cumulative nature of eco­nomic growth. We must use compound interest calcula­tions to work out the longer term effects of particular growth rates. For example, a country which maintains a growth rate of 3 percent per annum will achieve a doubling of real income in 24 years. It is this aspect of growth which explains why relatively small differences in national growth rates can, in a matter of 10 or 15 years, lead to large absolute differences in living standards. It also explains why the differences in real income between a rich country and a poor country can widen even when they are both experi­encing the same rate of growth... A 3 percent increase on pound m. is a much greater increase in absolute terms than 3 percent on 1000 pounds.

The causes of growth

Economists have identified several factors which determine the rate of growth, but there is a lot of dis­agreement on the relative importance of these factors. It is obvious that, on the supply side, economic growth will depend upon the increase in the quantity and quality of the factors of production and the efficiency with which they are combined. But the demand side is also important. The incentives to increase capacity and output will clear­ly depend upon the level of aggregate demand. The object of demand management is not merely to bring planned spending up to a certain level and hold it there, it must be steadily raised to take account of the desired or attainable rate of growth.

4. Найдите в тексте слова из задания № 2. Выпишите предложения с ними и переведите их письменно на русский язык.

5. Запишите предложения, заполнив пропуски данными словами. Подчеркните вставленные слова и переведите предложения письменно на русский язык.

Incentives, output, objective, usage, values, increase, rates, resources, revenues.

1. In general... economic growth is taken to mean any ... in the Gross National Product. 2. GNP is measured in terms of money .... 3. The problem of economic growth is how to increase ... when all... are fully employed. 4. Growth is an important... of economic policy. 5. Economic growth brings in increasing... from a given structure of tax.... 6. The ... to increase capacity and output will clearly depend upon the level of aggregate demand.

6. Выберите из слов, данных ниже, синонимы и запишите их парами.

Attain, desire, revenue, widen, merely, steadily, obvious, fast, affluent, damage, relate, deplorable, furthermore, rapid harm, connect, poor, rich, besides, wish, income, increase, only, constantly, achieve, evident.

7. Выберите из слов, данных ниже, антонимы и запишите их парами.

Opponent, growth, better, easy, less, wide, supporter, decline, worse, difficult, more, narrow.

8. Переведите словосочетания на английский язык письменно.

Более высокий уровень жизни, более высокие тем­пы экономического роста, ведущая цель экономи­ческой политики, в денежном выражении, обоснованное сравнение, соответствующие изменения, показатель повышения уровня жизни, использова­ние ресурсов, изнурительный труд, не прибегая к непопулярным мерам, удвоение реальных доходов, относительно небольшая разница, уровень сово­купного спроса.

9. Составьте и запишите предложения из слов, данных вразбивку. Переведите письменно получившиеся предложения.

1. personal, is, held, in, wealth, forms, many. 2. distributed, reasons, for, is, wealth, unequally, many. 3. people, generally, older, hold, younger, than, wealth, people, more. 4. now, part-time, make up, workers, a, quarter, almost, the, total, of, labour, employed, force. 5. investment, is, education, often, as, described, people, in. 6. growth, demands, expenditures, research, on, eco­nomic, large. 7. are, an, exports, injection, circular, the, into, flow. 8. imports, leakage, are, circular, the, flow, a, from.

10. Запишите предложения, заполнив пропуски предлогами. Подчеркните вставленные предлоги и переведите предложения письменно на русский язык.

1. Much depends ... the type ... the investment being undertaken. 2. Increasing the amount... capital per worker is known as 'capital depending' and this process should lead ... increasing labour productivity. 3. The extent... which new capital is used efficiently is also an important consideration.      4. Changes ... output per head are very much influ­enced ... changes ... the distribution ... the labour force. 5. The lack ... these facilities provides a serious barrier ... more rapid economic progress ... the developing countries. 6. As economic development takes place, there is a ten­dency ... secondary production and later ... the ser­vice industries. 7. In Britain and the USA, ... the other hand, the ser­vice sector has tended to grow much farther than the other sectors.

11. Поставьте к каждому из предложений макси­мальное число вопросов.

1. Comprehensive details of the distribution of income and wealth in the UK became available for the first time in 1975. 2. Marketable wealth consists of those assets which can be bought and sold. 3. The income of a household depends to a large extent on the number of economically active people it contains.

12. Запишите предложения, заполнив пропуски нужной формой глаголов, данными в скобках. Подчеркните вставленные слова и переведите предложения письменно на русский язык.

1. The possession of wealth ... (to confer) certain social advantages. 2. In order... (to get) people... (to work) harder, it... (to be) usually necessary ... (to offer) higher rewards. 3. Unemployment which... (to arise) from immobilities in the labour force rather than a lack of demand for labour ... (to know) as frictional unemployment. 4. Private spending may... (to stimulate) by a relaxation of any existing hire purchase restrictions. 5. The natural rate of unemployment ... (to associ­ate) with an equilibrium situation in the labour market. 6. The Enterprise Allowance Scheme ... (to help) unemployed people ... (to set up) in business for themselves.

13. Задайте к тексту № 1 семь вопросов различного типа.

14. Внимательно прочитайте текст № 2, переведите его устно.

There are a variety of ways in which the benefits of economic growth may be enjoyed. By maintaining the same labour force working the same number of hours, the community may enjoy the gains from its increasing ability to produce in the form of higher levels of con­sumption. Alternatively, since any given output can now be produced with a small labour input, workers may decide to take part of their improved living standards in terms of increased leisure. It would also be possible to maintain consumption levels and reduce the proportion of the population at work by extending the provisions for full-time further education and/or reducing the age of retirement. Economic growth, as pointed out earlier, also makes it possible to devote more resources to the social services without having to cut private consump­tion.

Nevertheless, in whatever form society chooses to take the further benefits, economic growth imposes a sac­rifice in terms of current living standards. In a fully employed economy a higher rate of investment can only be carried out by allocating more resources to the produc­tion of capital goods, therefore, will be less than it might otherwise be. It is true that a much greater annual output of consumer goods will be forthcoming in the future, but it may be many years before there is any net gain. Is it worth it?

Economic growth also gives rise to a variety of social costs. Rising incomes make it possible for more people to own cars, but this could lead to problems of pollution and traffic congestion. Huge modern steel plants, chemical works, oil refineries, and generating stations may be very efficient on the basis of purely commercial assessments, but they could impose costs on society by destroying nat­ural beauty and other amenities. Modern methods of agriculture may greatly increase yields per acre, but they could have damaging effect on wild life. On the other hand we must remember that it is economic growth which makes it possible to devote more resources to the search for safer and cleaner methods of production.

Perhaps the most disturbing social costs are those associated with a rapid pace of economic change. The technical progress which makes machines and produc­tion methods obsolete also makes people redundant. Labour will have to learn new skills, adopt new methods of working and accept more frequent changes of occupa­tion. While programmes of retraining with adequate financial 'grants can deal with the problem to extent, there still remains the social cost in terms of the disrup­tion of a career and the unpleasant breaks in the partners of a person's working life. The benefits of economic growth may not be evenly spread; instead of everyone reducing his working week by a small fraction, it is more likely that some individuals may find themselves com­pletely redundant.

15. Составьте и напишите пересказ текста №2, используя данные ниже клише. Будьте готовы передать основное содержание текста на английском языке на основе составленного пересказа устно.

The headline of this text is … It deals with …

The author starts by telling the reader that … According to the text … The text also includes … Further the author states that … The text goes on to say that … In conclusion …

I think the text is addressed to … It will be particularly useful for those who …

16. Составьте и напишите аннотацию к тексту №2, используя данные ниже клише.

The article is concerned with … It is shown that … The concepts of … are considered. It should be noted that … The fact that … is stressed. There is no doubt that …

17. Отредактируйте компьютерный перевод отрывка текста: найдите ошибки переводчика и исправьте их. Запишите получившийся перевод и подчеркните исправленные вами места.

Имеется много путей  наслаждаться выгодами экономического роста. Поддерживая ту же самую рабочую силу, работающую то же самое число часов, общество может наслаждаться прибылью от увеличивающейся способности произвести в форме более высоких уровней потребления. Альтернативно, так как любая продукция может теперь быть произведена с маленьким трудовым входом, рабочие могут принимать участие их улучшенного жизненного уровня в терминах увеличенного досуга. Было бы также возможно поддержать уровни потребления и уменьшать пропорцию населения на работе,  расширяя условия в течение полной рабочей недели дальнейшее образование и сокращая возраст отставки. Экономический рост, как указано ранее, также делает возможным посвятить большее количество ресурсов социальному обеспечению без того, чтобы иметь необходимость сокращать частное потребление.

Однако, в любом обществе формы хочет брать дальнейшие выгоды, экономический рост налагает жертву в терминах текущего жизненного уровня. В полностью нанятой экономике более высокая норма инвестиции может быть выполнена,  размещая большее количество ресурсов к производству товаров капитала. Истинно, что намного большая ежегодная продукция товаров потребителя будет в будущем, но это может быть многими годами прежде имеется любая чистая выгода. Это стоит это?

Экономический рост также вызывает разнообразие социальных затрат. Повышение доходов делает возможным для большего количества людей иметь автомобили, но это могло вести к проблемам скопления движения и загрязнения. Огромные современные стальные заводы, химические работы, нефтяные очистительные заводы, и производящие станции могут быть очень эффективны на основе вполне коммерческих оценок, но они могли наложить затраты на общество,  уничтожая естественную красоту и другие удобства. Современные методы сельского хозяйства могут очень увеличивать урожаи, но они могли иметь разрушительный эффект на дикую жизнь. С другой стороны, мы должны помнить, что это - экономический рост, который делает возможным посвятить большее количество ресурсов поиску более безопасных и более чистых методов производства.

Возможно наиболее тревожащие социальные затраты связаны с быстрым темпом экономического изменения. Техническое продвижение, которое делает машины и методы производства, делает людей избыточными. Труд будет должен изучить новые навыки, принимать новые методы работы и принимать более частые изменения. В то время как программы переквалификации с адекватными финансовыми предоставления могут иметь дело с проблемой, все еще остается социальной стоимостью в терминах разрушения карьеры и неприятных перерывов в партнерах рабочей жизни человека. Выгоды от экономического роста не могут быть равномерно распространены; вместо каждого сокращающего его рабочую неделю маленькой фракцией, более вероятно, что некоторые индивидуумы могут находить себя полностью избыточные.

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