Готовые работы → Английский язык
контрольная:Перепишите предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык. The admission to the London University had been finished by October. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one. One can learn about the conditions of entry and admission to our university. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов tobe, tohave, todo. Why do College authorities sometimes require the withdrawal of
2012
Важно! При покупке готовой работы
140-02-12
сообщайте Администратору код работы:
Содержание
Перепишите предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
The admission to the London University had been finished by October.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.
One can learn about the conditions of entry and admission to our university.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов tobe, tohave, todo.
Why do College authorities sometimes require the withdrawal of students?
Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
The hostel our students live in is situated near the metro station.
Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
To enter a university one must pass entrance examinations.
Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1-й,
2-й, 3-й, 4-й абзацы.
ENTRY TO A UNIVERSITY IN BRITAIN
1. Admission to the universities is carried out by examinations and selection. Women are admitted on equal terms with men, but at Cambridge their number is limited by statute.
2. All universities in Britain limit the number of undergraduates, which they will accept. The university receives applications for admission to its course of training up to 12 months before the opening of a session in October. Candidates should submit their applications in the normal way.
3. Candidates for admission to the four-year course must satisfy the Entrance Requirements of the University. The minimum age for admission to the four-year course is normally 18 years by October 1 in the year of admission.
4. It is customary for universities to interview all candidates. Science and mathematics lecturers are usually given opportunities to see entrants after the students enter College.
5. An examination scheme is launched by the College a month before the beginning of the examinations. The normal academic qualification for admission to the College is a pass in 5 subjects taken at Ordinary level, or a combination of passes at Ordinary and Advanced levels. The entrants are enrolled in about three dozen classes and tutorial groups. Students entering on a three-year course for a degree may be transferred to the two-year course, if they are unable to satisfy their lecturers. The College authorities also reserve the right to require the withdrawal of any student at any time during the period of training if the progress, conduct or physical condition of the student make such a decision desirable.
Прочтите 5-й абзац текста. Перепишите вопрос к нему и выберите соответствующий ответ.
Have the College authorities the right to require the withdrawal of a student?
Перепишите и письменно переведите деловое письмо.
KRETCHMER’S APPLIANCE STORE
1135 State Street
Chicago, Illinois 60688
February 3. 200_
Standard Electric Corporation
2120 Oak Terrace
Lake Bluff, Illinois 60044
Dear Sirs:
Enclosed is our purchase order 121 for 6 four-slice toasters, model 18E.
We would like to place this order on open account according to your regular terms. Our store has been opened for two months, and you may check out our credit rating with Ms. Peggy Sawyer, branch manager of the First Bank of Chicago, 1160 State Street, Chicago, Illinois 60688.
You may also check our credit standing with the following companies:
The Kenso Clock Company, 150 Ottawa, N.W., Crand Rapids, Michigan 49503
National Kitchen Products, Inc., 55 East Main Street
Round Lake Park, Illinois 60733.
Eastern Electric Corporation, 750 East 58 Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637
Please let us know your decision regarding our credit as well as an approximate delivery date for our first order.
Sincerely yours,
Bruce Kretchmer.
(Перевод текстов)
TYPES OF PROPRIETORSHIP
1. A business may be privately owned in three different forms. These forms are the sole proprietorship, the partnership and the corporation. The sole proprietorship is the most common in many western countries. For example, more than 80 per cent of all businesses in the USA are sole proprietorships.
2. But it is evident that sole proprietorships do not do the greatest volume of business. They account for only 16 per cent of all business receipts, for example, in America. What kind of business is likely to be a sole proprietorship? First of all, service industries such as Laundromats, beauty shops, different repair shops, restaurants.
3. A partnership is an association of two or more persons to carry on a business for profit. When the owners of the partnership have unlimited liability they are called general partners. If partners have limited liability they are “limited partners”. There may be a silent partner as well – a person who is known to the public as a member of the firm but without authority in management. The reverse of the silent partner is the secret partner – a person who takes part in management but who is not known to the public.
4. Any business may have the form of the partnership, for example, in such professional fields as medicine, law, accounting, insurance and stockbrokerage. Limited partnerships are a common form of ownership in real estate, oil prospecting, quarrying industries, etc.
5. Partnerships have more advantages than sole proprietorships if one needs a big capital or diversified management. Like sole proprietorship they are easy to form and often get tax benefits from the government. Partnerships have certain disadvantages too. One is unlimited liability. It means that each partner is responsible for all debts and is legally responsible for the whole business. Another disadvantage is that partners may disagree with each other.
CORPORATIONS
1. A business corporation is an institution established for the purpose of making profit. It is operated by individuals. Their shares of ownership are represented by stock certificates. A person who owns a stock certificate is called a stock-holder.
2. There are several advantages of the corporate form of ownership. The first is the ability to attract financial resources. The next advantage is the corporation attracts a large amount of capital it can invest it in plants, equipment and research. And the third advantage is that a corporation can offer higher salaries and thus attract talented managers and specialists.
3. The privately owned business corporation is one type of corporation. There are some other types too. Educational, religious, charitable institutions can also incorporate. Usually such corporation does not issue stock and is nonprrofitable. If there is a profit it is reinvested in the institution rather than distributed to private stockholders.
4. In some western countries, cities, states, federal government and special agencies can establish governmental corporations. A few examples of these governmental corporations are state universities, state hospitals and city owned utilities. Governmental corporations are nonprofitable as a rule and they do not issue stock certificate.
5. The international corporation or global company has its origin. Usually it is the outgrowth of the great trading companies of the 17th and 18th centuries. In 1811 a New York statute said corporations could be created by the filing of documents. After that it became a matter of bureaucratic operations to become a corporation. By 1850 it was a very common thing in the United States and was under general statute in European countries as well. Since that time the corporate movement began. As the jet plane, satellite communications and computers began, it became possible for a company to control business in all the world.
6. The growth of international corporates operations is faster than the economic growth of the industrialized nations. There are some projects which predict that within a generation almost a half of the free worlds production will be internationalized.
7. This trend for internationalism presupposes some benefits such as new jobs, higher living standards and the closing of the gaps between people – economic, educational and technological. At the same time serious questions can be asked. Is it the most efficient way to use world researches? Can the international corporation be the best force for a better world? Is it politically stronger than government? Can it take care of the self interest and competitiveness on behalf of the greatest good? And in what way can the global company work toward easing the worlds crises – monetary, political, energy and food?
ACCOUNTING
1. Accounting shows a financial picture of the firm. An accounting department records and measures the activity of a business. It reports on the effects of the transactions on the firms financial condition. Accounting records give a very important data. It is used by management, stockholders, creditors, independent analysts, banks and government.
2. Most businesses prepare regularly the two types of records. That is the income statement and balance sheet. These statements show how money was received and spent by the company.
3. One major tool for the analysis of accounting records is ratio analysis. A ratio analysis is the relationship of two figures. In finance we operate with three main categories of ratios. One ratio deals with profitability, for example, the Return on Investment Ratio. It is used as a measure of a firms operating efficiency.
4. The second set of ratios deals with assets and liabilities. It helps a company to evaluate its current financial position. The third set of ratios deals with the overall financial structure of the company. It analyses the value of the ownership of the firm.
BANKS AND BUSINESS
1. Banks are different in different countries. Let’s speak about the banks in the United States of America. There, commercial banks are classified into two main groups. First, there are national banks. They are charted and supervised by the Federal Government. Secondly, there are state banks. They are charted and supervised by the state in which they are operating. All commercial banks can make loans to borrowers.
2. Major commercial banks in such cities as Tokyo, Paris, Rio cooperate with each other. In this way they finance imports and exports between countries.
3. An importer buys merchandise from another country using the currency of that country. For that purpose he buys this currency from the foreign exchange department of his bank. And in the same way if an exporter receives foreign money from sales to other countries, he sells this currency to his bank. By this method the currency of any country can usually be exchanged.
4. Nowadays technological innovations and increased competition are changing the face of banking. Banks and other financial institutions are using computer technology now. One of the innovations is the electronic funds transfer, which transfers money from individuals to the bank and from city to city through an electronic system.
5. Large banks are installing automatic teller machines outside their buildings. A customer can get cash, make loan payments or transfer money from one account to another at any time of the day or night. The key to the automatic teller machine is a debit card, which helps to make transfers directly to and from a customer’s checking account.
6. The banking industry is becoming less regulated and the competition that results from deregulation is urging the banks to offer more and better services to their customers.
ECONOMY AND INDUSTRY
1. Britain used to have many manufacturing industries, but since the Second World War its service industries, especially banking and retailing, have expanded. Between 1951 and 1991, the percentage of people working in service industries rose from 36 per cent to 71 per cent. The number of people working in manufacturing industries has gone down.
2. Heavy industries, including steel manufacture and shipbuilding, have been replaced by high-technology manufacturing industries, such as aeroplane engine manufacture and pharmaceuticals. For example, Glaxo is Britain’s leading pharmaceutical company and is one of the largest in the world. It tries to find and make new medicines, which can cure or reduce the effects of disease. Two and a half million people work in retailing (shops, supermarkets, chain-stores) in Britain. It is one of Britain’s biggest service industries.
3. The City is a part of London. It used to be the old Roman and medieval town of London, but is now the area of London with all the banks. The City is now one of the most important financial centers in the world. Although the City is only one square mile, 300,000 people work there .It contains 8,500 companies and 524 banks from 76 countries. The City earns 10 billion pounds a year by selling its financial services. LIFFE (a futures market for financial services and goods) was founded here in 1992. It is now the second-largest market of its kind in the world. In 1994, London had 40 per cent of the world’s foreign exchange trade (buying and selling of foreign currencies), far more than its nearest rival, New York.
4. In Britain, there are only a few successful large companies, but many successful small companies. The large companies often invest a lot of money in research and development, R & D, to find new and better, usually high-technology, products. Successful small manufacturing companies in Britain often make expensive products. These companies are successful because they use first-class materials, have excellent quality control and the workers are proud of what they make. They include J. Barbour & Sons, which makes waterproof jackets; the Morgan Motor Company, which makes elite cars; Quad Electroacoustics, which makes top-quality hi-fi equipment; Wilkin & Sons, which makes jams.
5. Many foreign companies have opened factories in Britain. Toyota and Honda have their main European factories in Britain. The Korean electronics company Samsung opened a factory in Sunderland in 1995. All major car manufacturers in Britain are owned by foreign companies. Rover is owned by the German company, BMW. The foreign companies give jobs to many local people.
GROWING CONFIDENCE IN THE EURO
On 4 January 1999, the first day of trading after the start of the third phase of economic and monetary union, the stock exchanges of the 11 euro members welcomed the new currency with the kind of spectacular performance none of the experts had ever expected.
The following figures illustrate the importance of the new currency: More people (290 million) live in Euroland than in the United States (265 million). The total gross domestic product of these eleven countries is almost as large as that of the world’s main economic power. The euro participants and the USA each contribute about 18% to the world’s gross domestic product. At DM 1098 billion in 1997, exports from the euro zone almost matched those of the USA. The amount exported by all 15 EU members was actually well above that of the United States. The euro countries account for 20% of the world’s exports.
The euro could not have had a more triumphal launch. Prices and indexes shot up. The new currency remained stable againts the dollar. The euro may not be displacing the greenback as the world’s leading currency, but it is approaching it in terms of its global significance – and is well ahead of the yen. Euro-phoria – that is what people are calling the feeling that spread around the financial centres from Lisbon to Helsinki. Even the Germans, known around Europe for their lack of enthusiasm, have started to change their attitude.
A look back
The dream of European monetary union came true on 2 May 1998 in Brussels. The European Union’s top politicians wanted to commemorate the historic day properly. The members of the European Parliament played their role to perfection. José María Gil-Robles, the Parliament’s Spanish President, compared the significance of the decisions to establish the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) with the Treaties of Rome which back in 1957 founded the EEC – the European Economic Community, the predecessor of the European Union (EU). After a brief debate in the special session, the parliamentarians approved the resolution which provides for the beginning of monetary union and the introduction of a single currency, the euro, on 1 January 1999.
The subsequent events rather took some of the shine from the great day. The heads of state and government of the EU spent eleven hours arguing about who should be the first President of the European Central Bank (ECB). Wim Duisenberg, the experienced head of the Dutch central bank and President of the European Monetary Institute since 1997, was not nominated until he agreed ”in view of my age” (he was 64 at the time) not to run the ECB for the full 8-year term of office. He is to be followed by the other candidate for the post, the Frenchman Jean-Claude Trichet, governor of France’s central bank. Both are known as excellent, stability-oriented central bankers. Political interests alone had prevented a consensus solution.
After this start, those at the Summit needed less than 20 minutes to take the most important decision of the day: the finance ministers had prepared things well, and eleven countries were admitted to the European Monetary Union. In 1997, Finland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Austria and Germany fulfilled the conditions for the introduction of the euro which had been stipulated in the EU Treaty of Maastricht back in 1992.
Even before it was introduced, the euro created an unparalleled degree of price stability in Europe. In fact, price stability has virtually been achieved in Europe. No inflationary dangers are in sight.
The majority of economists and financial market experts agree: assuming it is stable, the euro can become the world’s leading currency alongside the dollar. This assumption is backed by the healthy current-account surplus of the euro states (which probably totals around $100 billion). That contrasts with the United States, which has been suffering for years from a current-account deficit which is roughly two-and-a-half times as high). It is therefore to be expected that a large proportion of the world’s currency reserves, 60% of which are currently held in dollars, will be changed into euros in future.
Japanese economists are already predicting that billions of investment currently held in 30-year US bonds by Japanese financial institutions will be withdrawn from the USA after they mature in 2010 and moved to Euroland. The US economy, which unlike Euroland has a massive current-account deficit, could be hit by the resulting higher interest rates. But at the same time, such great interest on the part of foreign creditors in monetary union would also be a demonstrational confidence in the euro.
The euro will necessitate reforms
The political parties have recognised that the euro will force a process of reform to take place. The message is that local conditions for business will have to imrove so that new jobs can be created. This will necessitate action like cuts in taxes and non-wage labour costs. It is becoming clear that the beginning of monetary union will heighten the pressure to realise the various reforms, and particularly to implement a tax reform. Models for reforms are being debated in detail. Welfare experts and leading representatives of business associations are looking enviously across to the successful reforms in the Netherlands. There, the government, in close cooperation with unions and management and helped by an ongoing readiness on all sides to reach consensus, has reformed the entire range of welfare benefits over the last ten years. The government has reduced its obligations, and in return the individual has assumed greater responsibility for his own social security. As a result, the Netherlands has become more attractive for business. People starting up new companies have praised the good environment, and more foreign investors have been coming into the country.
SO YOU WANT TO BE A MILLIONAIR?
There is no specific formula you can use to become a millionaire. At school, we are told that gaining knowledge is all that we need to do well in society.
Other studies show that there is little connection between how well children do at school and the success they achieve as adults. At the moment, there are 95,000 millionaires in Britain alone. Those who recently became millionaires come from a wide variety of backgrounds.
If you are not born wealthy, you may be able to take advantage of your good looks. Dr Raymond Bull of Portsmouth University says that good looks make early life easier. He then adds that people expect a good-looking person to be kinder and more efficient.
Professor Cooper has divided successful people into two categories: the entrepreneurs and the intrapreneurs. The former often left school early, and had several business disasters. They have awkward personalities, but they are very determined. The latter, however, have risen up through the levels of organisations. They are the children everyone thought would do well. Over half of them went to universities. They are good organisers and get on well with people.
However, even if you were born poor and lack the height or looks of a top model, there is still plenty you can do to improve your chances of success. There are many courses and self-help manuals available to help you reach the top. There is even a magazine called Personal Success, filled with ads for courses that will “transform your thinking and behaviour”.
«Success does not happen by accident,» says Michael Breen, who runs seminars on various aspects of being successful. «Successful people,» says Breen, «are the ones who, when something doesn’t work, try something else. Unsuccessful people keep on doing the same thing, only harder.»
Breen gets students to concentrate on specific tasks that need attention, rather than allowing themselves to be overwhelmed by a mountain of things waiting to be done. He makes his students concentrate on getting one thing done, and helps them focus on the good feeling it produces when the job has finished.
However, what none of these techniques do is to look at the quality of your life, or consider whether the price of success is too high.
One thing is sure, though. True success turns out to be based on more than motivation. There is a need for harmony, balance, creativity and healthy relationships.
LEADRES OF COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT IN RUSSIA
1. Many novels and stories were written about the Decembrists but it is a little known fact that after their revolt was crushed and they were exiled to Siberia the Decembrists set up the prototype of a consumer society. This society was founded in 1831, it had a charter and was called the Big Artel.
2. One of the Artel’s founders and an active member was the Decembrist Ivan Gorbachevsky, who was also chairman of the board. He was active in setting up the Decembrist consumer society - the Big Artel – and then a consumer cooperative for miners and metal workers in the village of Petrovskoye in Eastern Siberia.
3. In exile the Decembrists lived a very hard life. Enterprising merchants following convicted noblemen to Chita set up shops there and sold them goods at very high prices. That is why one of the cooperative’s aims was to buy goods in bulk for the whole consumer society at low prices.
4. In March 1831 the cooperative’s charter was written and approved by all the members. One of the men who took a very active part in drawing up the charter and later in the work of the Big Artel was Ivan Pushchin, an intimate friend of the Great Russian poet Alexander Pushkin.
5. The rules and work of the Decembrist consumer society had all the main features of a cooperative: free membership, equality, and elective management. The activities of the consumer society were wide, including production, trade and loans. It even had a system of services, consisting of a canteen, bathhouse, laundry, barbershop and drugstore. The society had 58 members.
6. In 1834 I. Pushchin organized a mutual aid society called the Small Artel which he headed during the last years of his life. The society functioned for over 50 years.
7. In 1861 there appeared one of the first consumer cooperatives in Russia. In Petrovskoye, Ivan Gorbachevsky together with Afanasi Pershin, a local smith, set up a consumer society and a general school.
