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VARIANT 2 1. Прочитайте текст, письменно переведите его на русский язык, обращая внимание на юридические термины. SOCIAL MORALITY, RULES AND LAWS The English word "law" refers to limits upon various forms of behavior. Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people usually behave. Other laws are prescriptive - they prescribe how people ought to behave. In all societies relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are customs - that is, informal rules of social and moral behavior. Some are rules we accept if we belong to particular social institutions,
2016
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VARIANT 2
1. Прочитайте текст, письменно переведите его на русский язык, обращая внимание на юридические термины.
SOCIAL MORALITY, RULES AND LAWS
The English word "law" refers to limits upon various forms of behavior. Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people usually behave. Other laws are prescriptive - they prescribe how people ought to behave.
In all societies relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are customs - that is, informal rules of social and moral behavior. Some are rules we accept if we belong to particular social institutions, such as religious, educational and cultural groups. And some laws are made by nations and enforced against all citizens within their power.
The rules of social institutions are more formal than customs. They carry penalties for those who break them. They are not, however, enforceable by any political authority.
Customs need not be made by governments, and they need not be written down. We learn how we should behave in society through the instruction of family and teachers, the advice of friends, and our own experience. Sometimes, we can break the rules, or break a very important one, other members of society may criticize us, act violently toward us or refuse to have anything to do with us. The ways in which people talk, eat and drink, work and relax together are usually guided by many such informal rules which have very little to do with laws created by governments.
However, when governments make laws for their citizens, they use a system of courts backed by the power of the police. Of course, there may be instances where the law is not enforced against someone (for example when young children commit crimes).
Government-made laws are nevertheless often patterned upon informal rules of conduct which already exist in society and relations between people are regulated by a combination of all these rules.
2. Письменноответьтенавопросы.
1. What does the English word "law" refer to?
2. What is the difference between descriptive and prescriptive laws?
3. What is the difference between the rules of social institutions and customs?
4. Are there any instances where the law is not enforced against someone?
3. Верны (True) или неверны (False) следующие утверждения:
1. There are two kinds of laws: descriptive and prescriptive.
2. Customs are more formal than the rules of social institutions.
3. Customs are made by governments and they are written down.
4. When young children commit crimes the law is not enforced against them.
4. По суффиксу определите и выберите: 1) существительные, 2) прилагательные, 3) глаголы, 4) наречия:
Interpreter, traditionally, expression, formally, judicial, enactment, continental, comparatively, predominant, partnership, codification, codify, legislate, enactment, restriction, universal, parliamentary, elections, roughly, population, equally, constituency, Parliament, voter, compulsory, householder, elector, accurate, appropriative, organization, conservative, local, majority, electoral, broaden.
5. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.
1. More serious cases are heard in the Crown Courts.
2. The Justice Department is reasonable for faithful execution of the laws under the president's authority.
3. As well as government departments, there are government agencies formed to operate public services.
4. The Court reporter, who sits close to the witnesses and the judge, puts down every word that is spoken during the trial, and also may record the proceedings on tape.
6. Заполнитепропускипредлогамиby, between, from, by, to, in, of.
1. There is no whole system … codification which prevails … many countries. 2. Judicial decisions are often reduced … writing in the form of law reports. 3. Before 1066 law was administered … series of local courts. 4. Common law systems differ … Continental law. 5. In all societies relations … people are regulated … prescriptive laws.
7. Задайте различные типы вопросов (общий, специальный, разделительный, альтернативный) к данным предложениям
1. The profession of a lawyer is quite diversified.
2. The lawyers protect the rights of citizens.
3. England abolished judicial corporal punishment in 1948.
4. The profession of a lawyer will be the most respectful in the law-governed state.
5. The Government takes a number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system.
8. A). Определите видо-временные формы глаголов в действительном залоге в следующих предложениях. Предложенияпереведитенарусскийязык.
1. Many English laws derive from judicial precedents. 2. In modern times most rules of law have reflected general custom. 3. Continental or Roman law has developed in most of Continental Europe, Latin America and many countries in most countries in Asia and Africa. 4. Common law was developing gradually throughout the history. 5. Continental systems of law have resulted from the attempts of governments to produce a set of codes. 6. The lawmakers wanted to show that legal rules of their citizens originated in the state, not in local customs. 7. Over the past two centuries, the Constitution has also had considerable influence outside the United States.
B). Определите видо-временные формы глаголов и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на употребление глагола-сказуемого в страдательном залоге.
1. The laws are interpreted by the courts. 2. The lawmakers were influenced by the model of the canon law of the Roman Catholic Church. 3. Laws had been put into writing by Greeks by the 16th century B.C. 4. In a civil case a verdict was given by a jury. 5. Don’t worry. Speeches are being prepared by professional speech-writers. 6. The law of the world has been influenced by Roman law.
9. A). Определите, является ли глагол “tohave” смысловым или вспомогательным. Предложенияпереведитенарусскийязык.
1. Informal rules have very little to do with the laws created by governments. 2. English law has developed through decisions in individual cases. 3. The system based on English Common law has been adopted by many Commonwealth countries and most of the United States. 4. Versions of Roman law had long influenced many parts of Europe but had little impact on English law. 5. Many customs have existed since “time immemorial”.
B). Определитефункциюглагола “to be”. Предложения переведите на русский язык.
1. Some laws are descriptive, others are prescriptive. 2. The ways in which people talk, eat and drink are guided by informal rules. 3. Uniform application of the law throughout the country was promoted by gradual development of the doctrine of precedents. 4. The rules of social institutions are observed by those who belong to them. 5. Throughout the history British courts were developing Common law. 6. Customs and court rulings are as important as status.
C). Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод конструкции thereis (thereare/therewas/therewillbe).
1. There are 435 members in the House of Representatives.
2. Twenty-five years ago, there was one lawyer for every 700 people.
3. There will be a lot of evidence that proves this fact.
Фрагмент работы
(перевод текста)
Общественная мораль, правила и законы
Английское слово “law” относится к ограничениям различных форм поведения. Некоторые законы являются описательными: они просто описывают то, как люди обычно ведут себя. Другие законы являются предписывающими – они предписывают то, как должны люди себя вести.
Во всех обществах отношения между людьми регулируются предписывающими законами. Некоторые из них являются обычаями, то есть неофициальными правилами общественного и нравственного поведения. Некоторые представляют собой правила, которые мы принимаем, если мы принадлежим к определенным социальным институтам, таким как религиозные, образовательные или культурные группы. А некоторые законы вырабатываются государствами и применяются ко всем гражданам в пределах их полномочий.
