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Задание 1. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст “Political System of Russia”. Подготовьте пересказ текста (на английском языке). POLITICAL SYSTEM OF RUSSIA The political system established by the Constitution of 1993 provides the president with substantial superiority over other branches of the state. The president is elected for a term of four years by the citizens of the Russian Federation on the basis of general, equal and direct vote by the secret ballot. (In December 2008 the term was extended to 6 years. However the new term will be applied to the next elected president.) No-one m
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Задание 1. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст “PoliticalSystemofRussia”. Подготовьте пересказ текста (на английском языке).
POLITICAL SYSTEM OF RUSSIA
The political system established by the Constitution of 1993 provides the president with substantial superiority over other branches of the state. The president is elected for a term of four years by the citizens of the Russian Federation on the basis of general, equal and direct vote by the secret ballot. (In December 2008 the term was extended to 6 years. However the new term will be applied to the next elected president.) No-one may hold the office for more than two terms in succession. A candidate for the President of the Russian Federation can be nominated by a political party or by the candidate personally. In the later case the candidate must have an initiative group of 500 supporters.
The Federal Assembly, the Parliament of the Russian Federation, is the supreme legislative body of the Russian Federation. The Federal Assembly consists of two chambers, the Federation Council and the State Duma. The State Duma is elected for a term of five years. It consists of 450 deputies. From 2007 all deputies are elected in proportion to the number of votes cast for the lists of candidates nominated by political parties. The Federation Council consists of two representatives from each Subject of the Federation, one from the representative and one from the executive bodies of the Subject of the Federation.
Deputies to the Federation Council and deputies to the State Duma possess immunity throughout their term in office. A deputy may not be detained, arrested or searched except when detained in the act of perpetrating a crime, and may not be subject to personal search except when such search is authorised by law to ensure safety of other people. The question of stripping a deputy of immunity is decided on the recommendation of the Prosecutor-General of the Russian Federation by the corresponding chamber of the Federal Assembly.
The Government consists of the Chairman of the Government, Deputy Chairman of the Government and federal ministers. The chairman is appointed by the president with consent of the State Duma. If the State Duma thrice rejects candidates for the Chairman of the Government nominated by the president, the president appoints a Chairman of the Government, dissolves the State Duma and calls a new election.
The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation consists of 19 judges, one being the Chairman and another one being Deputy Chairman. Judges are appointed by the President with the consent of the Federation Council.
The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation is a court of limited subject matter jurisdiction. The 1993 constitution empowers the Constitutional Court to arbitrate disputes between the executive and legislative branches and between Moscow and the regional and local governments. The court also is authorised to rule on violations of constitutional rights, to examine appeals from various bodies, and to participate in impeachment proceedings against the President.
The Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation is a single centralised system in which lower prosecutors are subordinated to higher prosecutors and the Prosecutor-General. The Prosecutor-General is appointed to the post and relieved from it by the Federation Council on nomination by the President. Prosecutors are appointed by the Prosecutor-General.
1) When was the Russian Federation set up?
2) What kind of state is it?
3) What does the federal government consist of?
4) What part does the President play in the government?
5) What is the legislative power vested in?
6) How many chambers does it consist of? Name them.
7) Who heads each chamber?
8) How does a bill become a law?
9) What are the functions of the President?
10) What are the executive and the judicial branches represented by?
Задание 2. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст “PoliticalSystemofGreatBritain”. Подготовьте пересказ текста (на английском языке).
POLITICAL SYSTEM OF GREAT BRITAIN
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a constitutional monarchy. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II. The queen reigns, but does not rule.
The legislative power in the country is exercised by Parliament. Parliament makes the laws of Great Britain. It consists of the queen, the House of Commons, and the House of Lords.
The House of Commons is Britain’s real governing body. It has 650 members, elected by the people. Members of the House of Commons have no fixed terms. They are chosen in a general election, which must be held at least every five years. But an election may be called anytime, and many Parliaments do not last five years. Almost all British citizens 18 years old or older may vote.
The House of Lords is the upper house of Parliament. It was once the stronger house, but today has little power. It can delay – but never defeat – any bill. The House of Lords has about 1170 members. The people do not elect them. The House of Lords is composed of hereditary and life peers and peeresses. Their right to sit in the House passes, with their title, usually to their oldest sons.
The prime minister is usually the leader of the political party that has the most seats in the House of Commons. The monarch appoints the prime minister after each general election. The monarch asks the prime minister to form a Government. The prime minister selects about 100 ministers. From them, he picks a special group to make up the Cabinet.
The Cabinet usually consists of about 20 ministers. The ministers of the more important departments, such as the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, and the Home Office, are named to every Cabinet.
The government draws up most bills and introduces them in Parliament. The queen must approve all bills passed by Parliament before they can become laws. Although the queen may reject a bill, no monarch has since the 1700’s.
Law courts of Great Britain operate under three separate legal system – one for England and Wales, one for Northern Ireland, and one for Scotland. In all three systems, the House of Lords is the highest court of appeal in civil cases. It is also the highest court of appeal in criminal cases, except in Scotland. The queen appoints all British judges on the advice of the government.
Political parties are necessary to British’s system of government. The chief political parties in Britain today are the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. The Conservative Party developed from the Tories, and has been supported by wealthy people as well as professional people and farmers. The Labour Party has been supported by skilled and unskilled workers, especially union members.
The Constitution of Great Britain is not one document. Much of it is not even in writing, and so the country is said to have an unwritten constitution. Some of the written parts of Britain’s Constitution come from laws passed by Parliament. Some – from such old documents as Magna Carta, which limited the king’s power. Other written parts come from common law, a body of laws based on people’s customs and beliefs, and supported in the courts.
1) Who is the head of state in the UK?
2) What body is the legislative power in the UK exercised by?
3) How many chambers does it consist of? Name them.
4) What is the executive branch represented by?
5) Does the monarch or the prime minister form the government?
6) What body draws up bills?
7) What is the judiciary branch represented by?
8) What body is the highest court of appeal?
9) What are the main political parties? What is the ruling party now?
10) What do you know about the Constitution of the UK?
Задание 3. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст “PoliticalSystemoftheUSA”. Подготовьте пересказ текста (на английском языке).
POLITICAL SYSTEM OF THE USA
There are now 50 states in the USA. Under the Constitution, the states delegated by many of their sovereign powers to the central government in Washington. But they keep many important powers for themselves. Each state, for example, retains the right to run its own public school system, to decide on the qualifications of its voters, to license its doctors and other professionals, to provide police protection for its citizens and to maintain its roads.
The form of the Government of the USA is based on the Constitution of 17 September 1787. By the Constitution the government of the nation is composed of three co-ordinate branches: the executive, the legislative and the judicial.
The executive power is vested in the President, who holds office for 4 years, and is elected, together with a vice-president chosen for the same term, by electors from each state. Nowadays the President may be elected two times only. The President must be a natural-born citizen, resident in the country for 14 years, and at least 35 years old. The presidential election is held every forth year (leap year) on Tuesday after the first Monday in November. The President proposes bills to Congress, enforces federal laws, serves as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and, with the approval of the Senate, makes treaties and appoints federal judges, ambassadors and other members of the Executive Departments. Each Cabinet head holds the title of the Secretary and together they form a council called the Cabinet.
The legislative power is vested by the Constitution in the Congress, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Theoretically all citizens of both sexes over 21 years of age have the right to vote, but in fact this is not so because of many special requirements. The Senate consists of 2 members from each state. Chosen for 6 years, one-third retiring or seeking re-election every 2 years. The House of Representatives consists of 435 members elected every second year on the basis of population, although every state has at least one representative.
The Supreme Court is the highest court in the country and the head of the judicial branch.
Each state has a constitution, patterned after the national Constitution. The head of each state is the governor. The governor’s term of office varies in several states from 2 till 4 years.
In the USA there are two main political parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The Democratic Party is the oldest of the two. Its history began back in the 1820s. The Republican Party was organized in the 1850s.
1) Why do we call America a federal union?
2) Where is the seat of the national government?
3) What body is the legislative power in the US exercised by?
4) How many chambers does it consist of? Name them.
5) What is the executive branch represented by?
6) Who can be the president of the country?
7) When is the Election Day in the USA?
8) What is the judiciary branch represented by?
9) What do you know about the Constitution of the UK?
10) Can you name the main political parties in the USA?
Фрагмент работы
ПОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ СИСТЕМА РОССИИ
Политическая система, установленная Конституцией 1993 года, предоставляет президенту существенное превосходство над другими ветвями государства. Президент избран на срок четыре года гражданами Российской Федерации на основе всеобщего, равного и прямого избирательного права при тайном голосовании. (В декабре 2008 года срок был увеличен до 6 лет. Однако новый срок будет применен к следующему избранному президенту). Никто не может занимать пост больше двух сроков подряд. Кандидат на пост президента Российской Федерации может быть выдвинут политической партией или в форме самовыдвижения. В последнем случае у кандидата должна быть инициативная группа из 500 сторонников
