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перевод: 1 New media journalism emerged in the late 20th century and has continued to evolve in the early 21st century. It is a form of journalism based on the convergence of digital, or computer-based, technologies and telecommunications, especially but not limited to the Internet and World Wide Web. New media technologies are reshaping journalism in four basic ways. What is Television Journalism? Television journalism is the reason we have major television news shows – whether those shows are regarding world news, politics, sports or celebrities. The journalists who work to bring those tel
2015
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NEW MEDIA JOURNALISM
JOHN V. PAVLIK
Rutgers University
Part 1
New media journalism emerged in the late 20th century and has continued to evolve in the early 21st century. It is a form of journalism based on the convergence of digital, or computer-based, technologies and telecommunications, especially but not limited to the Internet and World Wide Web. New media technologies are reshaping journalism in four basic ways. First, new media are transforming how journalists do their work. Second, new media are producing a restructuring of journalistic organizations and institutions. Third, new media are giving rise to new media content forms. Fourth, new media are leading to the reinvention of the relationships between and among journalists, journalistic organizations, and their many publics, especially these five: audiences, sources, regulators, financers, and competitors. This set of changes is leading to a form of new media journalism with greater citizen involvement and participation in a discourse with journalists, newsmakers, and other citizens. At times, this discourse is little more than opinions and pandering to base interests. But at times, this discourse is reasoned, informed, and refreshing.
Journalism and New Media Technologies
Journalism has long been driven by technological change. The rotary printing press, photography, the telegraph, wireless communications, television, and other technologies have all exerted profound influences over the shape and nature of journalism. It is thus not surprising that new media technologies have facilitated a transformation of journalism in the late 20th and early 21st centuries and the emergence of new media journalism (Boczkowski, 2005).
To understand the influence of new media on journalism, we must first define what we mean by the key terms new media and journalism. Notably, the term media is plural and is a Greek word. Medium is the singular form. Therefore, “new media” are, not is. Journalism refers to the process of gathering, or reporting, current information, or news, from multiple sources (including primarily by interviewing people, reading or reviewing documents, and making direct observation of events, places, or people); editing and fact-checking that news; and distributing (broadcasting, publishing) that news, typically via storytelling forms, but also in other forms, as well as interpreting those facts via analysis or opinion. New media journalism is thus the convergence of new media and journalism into a new form of news reporting in the digital age.
New media emerged in the latter part of the 20th century, with the advent of various digital technologies, especially the Internet and World Wide Web, and also technologies such as digital cameras, satellites, and digital broadcasting. In its most familiar form, new media journalism is synonymous with online journalism. Although this is the most familiar, it is not the only significant part of new media journalism. The new media continue to evolve and represent a changing landscape.
Five Technological Functions
To fully appreciate the nature and scope of new media journalism, it is useful to identify five broad technological functions related to the new media.
These five functions are acquisition, storage, processing, distribution, and access or display. For each of these functions, there are a host of specialized new media technologies, although increasingly, convergence is leading to the development of individual devices capable of performing all five functions.
Acquisition
Acquisition refers to the process of gathering information, or data, in various forms, such as audio, images, moving pictures, or written text in the form of a reporter’s notes. Traditionally, reporters’ notes have been the foundation of all reporting. In new media journalism, a reporter’s notes continue to be vitally important but are increasingly in electronic, or digital, form, with reporters typing or otherwise entering (e.g., using an electronic tablet that recognizes handwriting) their notes on handheld or laptop devices. Of course, many other devices are used in news gathering, including primarily digital cameras and digital audio recorders.
Processing
Processing refers to the editing of digital content gathered by the reporter. Whether text, audio, images, or video, reporters and editors use computer-based tools to sort, refine, or edit that material from its raw form into stories, graphics, or other formats for ultimate delivery to an audience. Computer-based processing, like all computers, is becoming faster and less expensive, following what is called Moore’s law. Moore’s law specifies that the number of components on a single computer chip doubles every 18 months (Moore, 1965). This essentially means that computers get twice as fast every year and a half. As a corollary to Moore’s law, miniaturization has also swept through the world of computing, as digital devices have become not only more powerful but also much smaller in size. As a result, 2007 saw the emergence of the laptop computer as more prevalent in the marketplace than the desktop computer in the United States. Journalists are also increasingly using laptop computers as their preferred device for processing news in raw data form or refined storytelling format.
Storage
Storage refers to the archiving of digital content, initially in its raw form and later in its processed form, for subsequent search and retrieval by either journalists or the lay public. There are many such digital storage devices of increasingly powerful form. Digital storage devices are also subject to the patterns of increasing speed, power, and miniaturization that characterize processing devices. As a result, few reporters go out into the field without one or more powerful miniature digital storage devices. These include USB sticks (universal storage buss) that can hold gigabits of data (billions of bits, 1,000 times a megabit, which is 1,000 times a kilobit, which is 1,000 times a bit). Many devices commonly used by new media journalists, such as digital cameras, cell phones, or handheld computers not only have built-in massive storage capabilities, but they also typically have ports for portable external storage devices. Such portable storage devices are important in journalism because they can be easily slipped into a pocket or past a censor.
Distribution
Distribution refers to the delivery of digital content, or news, from one location to another, either a short or a long distance. In a new media context, this distribution is typically done over a digital telecommunications network, including the Internet, but also via digital television, other wireless spectrum, or other digital delivery media (such as Bluetooth, a local-area wireless technology). Such distribution systems in journalism are increasingly made secure in the same fashion as banking, satellite or cable television, or other applications. Security is important for a variety of reasons, including not only protecting copyrighted content but also guarding against computer hackers (friendly) or crackers (unfriendly).
Display or Access
Display or access is the final step in new media journalism, although it is the most visible and often thought of as the defining quality of new media journalism. Technologies such as computers, handheld devices, cell phones, and MP3 players (including Apple’s iPod) are among the most common display or access technologies used in new media journalism.
Transforming Journalism in the Age of New Media
New media as described above are reshaping journalism in four basic ways. First, new media are transforming how journalists do their work. Second, new media are producing a restructuring of journalistic organizations and institutions. Third, new media are giving rise to new media content forms. Fourth, new media are leading to the reinvention of the relationships between and among journalists, journalistic organizations, and their many publics, especially these five: audiences, sources, regulators, financers, and competitors.
Transforming How Journalists Work
New media are transforming how journalists do their work. In days past, newspaper reporters relied on principally a telephone, a notepad, and a pencil, with an occasional photographer sent on assignment.
In television, reporters typically were accompanied by a videographer and, depending on station size or if a network level, also a sound or lighting technician. In radio, the standard operating equipment was a microphone (lavalier or lapel) and audio recorder. New media have meant a series of changes in the tools reporters bring with them into the field and a corresponding series of changes in how reporters often work. To begin, most reporters, regardless of medium, make heavy use of the Internet and World Wide Web as research tools and e-mail as a communication tool. Reporters also make extensive use of cell phones to reach sources and stay in touch with editors. Many reporters also rely on various handheld devices both in news gathering and in communication. Mobile e-mail or text messaging is commonly used. Reporters will often type a short version of a story while still in the field and e-mail it to an editor for review.
One interdisciplinary research project at Columbia University launched in the late 1990s featured the design and field testing of a mobile journalist workstation (MJW), which was in fact a hybrid of news gathering, production, storage, distribution, and display technologies encased in a wearable backpack. The MJW permitted a single reporter to gather news of any type, deliver it wirelessly to a remote location, or display it in geographically annotated format based on the specific coordinates obtained from the global positioning system (i.e., satellite system). Such digital backpack journalism was first conducted by Steve Mann (2008), now Professor of Computing and Electrical Engineering at the University of Toronto. Mann developed the wearable computer in the 1980s and used his convergent system to report on a series of breaking news events and provide stories and photos to local newspapers via wireless data transmission.
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What is Television Journalism?
Television journalism is the reason we have major television news shows – whether those shows are regarding world news, politics, sports or celebrities. The journalists who work to bring those television shows to life may research stories, write, collect facts, follow tips, present the information to the public on television and more. Television journalism is not quite so different from print journalism, although television journalists use a different platform to tell their stories.
Journalism Jobs - Different Kinds of Television Journalism Fields
There are many different kinds of television journalism fields one can enter into. A future journalist with a love for sports may decide to pursue a career reporting news about sports. While many times former sports players are given these jobs, there are plenty of sports journalists who simply love the sport and have never played it. Similarly, individuals with interest in celebrities and the glamorous stigma of Hollywood may pursue a career as a celebrity television journalist.
Ethics of Journalism - Code of Ethics for Television Journalists
Some examples of famous television journalists include Barbara Walters, David Brinkley, Walter Cronkite, Katie Couric, and Ted Coppell. While these men and women were the face of the programs they reported on, there were a slew of other journalists, producers, and correspondents working behind the scenes to ensure that the stories were reported in a timely manner. Television journalists typically abide by the ‘code of ethics,’ or an informal set of guidelines. As Tony Burman, ex editor-in-chief of CBS news said, “Every news organization has only its credibility and reputation to rely on.”
It’s important that these journalists apply impartiality, fairness, a balanced view, and truthfulness to each and every one of the stories they present to the public. These ethics are what inspires trust in the public, and what makes certain television journalists more likeable and trustable in the eyes of the public than others. Television journalism is important in our times, as a huge percentage of the population receives their news and information from the television.
Journalism - Challenges for Television Journalists
Often times, television journalism can be difficult. There is the urge to bring the public the story before anyone else, and to provide as many details as possible. Then there are times when certain information can be more harmful than it would be helpful. For instance, in cases involving minor children, it’s up to the journalist to leave the names or personal information out so as not to place the children in jeopardy. In certain cases, television journalists may choose to leave out details so as not to ruin an investigation. Television journalism can be exciting and fun, but it comes with a healthy dose of reality and choices that do bring consequences.
Television journalism can certainly be an exciting and fast-paced career. However, it takes a lot of work to get to the point where individuals are actively earning good money and obtaining prestigious assignments as a television journalist. Depending upon an individual's drive, determination and commitment, television journalism may or may not be the right career choice. Learning the inside scope about television journalism can help individuals answer the old-age question, ‘Is a career in television journalism worth pursuing?’
How Much are Television Journalists Paid?
First things first – the amount a television journalist is paid depends upon several things – such as which company the journalist works at, what position they hold, what responsibilities they are given, and what kinds of reporting they’re actually doing.
TV journalists covering local political events will likely make less than those covering national political events.
However, with the right reporting and if a reporter can get their foot in the right door, the pay can be absolutely wonderful. Plus, most television journalists cover a wide array of stories and meet diverse individuals and can truly make a difference on the way news is reported.
Demands on Time of Television Journalists
Television journalists are often on call the way a doctor is, because no one can set hours on when a story will break or when information will be found. A television journalist working at a small, local media outlet is likely to have more personal time than a television journalist who works with a massive media outlet like the Today Show or CNN. The demand on time simply depends upon what kinds of stories the journalist is following, which company they work with and more.
Fame/Accomplishments of Television Journalists
It doesn’t take much to see that many television journalists have earned a massive amount of fame and accomplishment over the course of their careers. Names like Walter Cronkite, Barbara Walters, Katie Couric, and Edward Murrow spring to mind when one thinks of television journalists. However, the majority of television journalists do not become hugely famous. That does not mean that individuals cannot be an accomplished, famous journalist if they truly desire. It’s about setting important goals and reaching high – not to mention doing a lot of important work to get to where you want to be.
By considering the different aspects of television journalism, individuals can determine whether it’s right or not. The worth is dependent upon their own opinions of television journalism and their personal career desires.
When individuals think of television journalists, many names come to mind – from Barbara Walters and Walter Cronkite to Matt Lauer and Nancy Grace. However, behind these famous faces and hundreds of thousands of other television journalists who are not quite so famous, are the individuals that support them. Here’s a look at who those people are.
Role of News Coordinators
These people work very closely with the famous faces, keeping them informed of breaking news and details of the stories that are being covered. They often coordinate on location shoots and must be keen for details. The most important part of this job is determining what is news and what is not – and being able to keep pace with the hectic demands of the job.
Role of Producers
Producers have a never-ending list of work to do. They are responsible for ensuring that the television channel receives the program, and that everything is completed on time. They live by the deadline, and make a massive amount of decisions on a daily basis – such as how many cameras are to be used, how much time is to be used on each story, what should be included and what should be cut out, how much of the budget should be spent on each little thing, and so much more. This is another hectic job, but rewarding for those who can handle it.
Role of News Correspondents
While it’s true that each of the above jobs are vital to the television journalism industry, it’s also true that without correspondents, there would be no news. These are the individuals who find the stories. They are often out on location, scooping out the answers and details to the stories. They must find every side to the story so that it can be reported in a fair and balanced way, and they must try to get the news first – before other channels can get it. Most importantly, they must get the story correct and ensure that their facts are checked.
News correspondents often have sources that they will protect with everything they have, because those sources are the path to the breaking news. Correspondents often have to answer questions of the anchor during a live broadcast, so the public often sees them on location giving out as much information as they have gathered. This job demands a lot of time from the correspondents, and they often spend nights and weekends hunting down the details of stories.
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