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контрольная работа: INDIVIDUAL HOME TASK № 2 Variant 4 READING Text 2. Read the text, and match the questions (A–F) to the numbered spaces (1–5), as in the example (0). 0G. In 1698, the English mechanical designer Thomas Savery invented a steam pumping appliance that drew water directly from a well by a vacuum, then sent it up to a higher level by steam pressure. 1I. The appliance was also proposed for draining mines, but its pumping height was limited, making this impracticable. It consumed a large amount of fuel compared with later engines. 2K. The solution to draining deep mines was found

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INDIVIDUAL HOME TASK № 2

 

Variant 4

READING

Text 2. Read the text, and match the questions (A–F) to the numbered

spaces (1–5), as in the example (0).

0G. In 1698, the English mechanical designer Thomas Savery invented a

steam pumping appliance that drew water directly from a well by a vacuum,

then sent it up to a higher level by steam pressure.

1I. The appliance was also proposed for draining mines, but its pumping height was limited, making this impracticable. It consumed a large amount of fuel compared with later engines.

2K. The solution to draining deep mines was found by Thomas Newcomen who developed an «atmospheric» engine also working on the vacuum principle. The Newcomen engine was more powerful than the Savery engine.

3L. For the first time water could be raised from a depth of over 150 feet. The engine was able to replace a team of 500 horses. Seventy-five Newcomen pumping engines were installed at mines in Britain, France, Holland, Sweden and Russia. In the next fifty years only a few small changes were made to the engine design.

4J. The Watt steam engine was the first type of steam engine to make use of steam at a pressure just above atmospheric to drive the piston helped by a partial vacuum. Improving on the design of the 1712 Newcomen engine, the Watt steam engine was the next great step in the development of the steam engine.

5H. Offering a dramatic increase in fuel efficiency, the new design replaced Newcomen engines in areas where coal was expensive, and then went on to be used in the place of most natural power sources such as wind and water. James Watt's design became synonymous with steam engines.

 

G. What appliance did Thomas Savery invent?

H. Where did the Watt steam engines replace Newcomen engines?

I. What made the appliance impracticable?

J. What was the engine able to do?

K. What principle was the Newcomen engine based on?

L. What was new about the Watt steam engine?

 

 

Text 2. Read the text. Choose the best word (A, B or C) for each space

(1–8).

The Stirling Engine

The Stirling engine is 1 a heat engine that is vastly different from amount of oxygen in our cars. Invented by Robert Stirling in 1816, the Stirling engine has the potential to be much more 2 efficient than a gasoline or diesel engine. But today, Stirling engines are used only in some very specialized applications, like in submarines or auxiliary 3 power generators for yachts, where quiet operation is important.

A Stirling engine uses the Stirling 4 cycle, which is unlike the cycles used in internal 5 combustion engines.

The gasses used inside a Stirling engine never leave the engine. There are no 6 exhaust valves that vent high-pressure gasses, as in a gasoline or diesel engine, and there are no explosions taking place. Because of this, Stirling engines are very quiet.

The Stirling cycle uses 7 an external heat source, which could be anything from gasoline to solar energy to the heat produced by decaying plants. No combustion takes place inside the cylinders of the engine. There are different types of Stirling engines.

A displacer-type engine has one piston and a displacer. The displacer serves to control when the 8 gas chamber is heated and when it is cooled. In order to run, the engine requires a temperature difference between the top and the bottom of the large cylinder. In this case, the difference between the temperature of the hand and the air around it is enough to run the engine.

 

1	A	a heat engine	B	an internal engine	C	a hot engine
2	A	fluid	B	enclosed	C	efficient
3	A	torque	B	power	C	fluid
4	A	cycle	B	compression	C	usage
5	A	compression	B	combustion	C	conversion
6	A	exhaust valves	B	specialized applications	C	generators for yachts
7	A	a diesel engine	B	combustion	C	an external heat source
8	A	a gas chamber	B	temperature	C	difference decaying plants

 

 

 

 

VOCABULARY & GRAMMAR TEST

Choose the correct item.

1. Originally an engine was a mechanical device that converted force into motion

а) motion

b) fuel

c) substance

2. An engine burns or otherwise consumes fuel.

а) explosions

b) fuel

c) combustion

3. The regenerator distinguishes a true Stirling engine from any other closed cycle hot air engine.

а) the heat pump

b) the heat exchanger

c) the regenerator

4. The still-warm condensate was recycled as feed water for the boiler.

а) condensate

b) device

c) fuel

5. «Combustion» refers to burning fuel with an oxidizer, to supply the heat.

а) reaction

b) heat

c) boiler

6. The primary effect of regeneration in a Stirling engine is to increase the thermal efficiency by 'recycling' internal heat

а) global

b) thermal

c) atmospheric

7. This type of condenser is known as a surface condenser.

a) is known

b) are known

c) will known

8. In 1774 John Wilkinson invented a boring machine.

a) invent

b) invents

c) invented

9. Thermal energy is generated and measured by heat of any kind.

a) generated

b) generate

c) is generated

10. Electric cars with regenerative breaking seem to be the best candidate for energy recovery.

a) recovery

b) heat

c) temperature

TRANSLATION

Translate the sentences from English into Russian.

1. Widespread use of energy recycling could therefore reduce global

warming emissions by an estimated 20 percent.

2. The Newcomen engine was more powerful than the Savery engine.

3. These improvements allowed the steam engine to replace the water wheel and horses as the main sources of power for British industry.

4. The greater fuel-efficiency of their engines meant that they were most attractive in areas where fuel was expensive

5. The regenerator is the key component invented by Robert Stirling and its

presence distinguishes a true Stirling engine from any other closed cycle

hotairengine

7. Oil cooling is the process of removing heat from machinery and electrical components with oil as a transfer medium

8. Most energy recovery systems exchange thermal energy in either sensible or latent form

9. A variety of work volumes, temperature, and processing capabilities are offered to match the system to the customer’s requirements

10. Most often the barrier between the fluids is a metal wall such as that of a tube or pipe.

 

WRITING

Read the text and write an abstract.

Absorption Heat Pumps

Absorption heat pumps are essentially air-source heat pumps driven not by electricity, but by a heat source such as natural gas, propane, solar-heated water, or geothermal-heated water. Because natural gas is the most common heat source for absorption heat pumps, they are also referred to as gas-fired heat pumps. There are also absorption (or gas-fired) coolers available that work on the same principal. Unlike some absorption heat pumps, however, these are not reversible and cannot serve as a heat source.

Residential absorption heat pumps use an ammonia-water absorption cycle to provide heating and cooling. As in a standard heat pump, the refrigerant (in this case, ammonia) is condensed in one coil to release its heat; its pressure is then reduced and the refrigerant is evaporated to absorb heat. If the system absorbs heat from the interior of your home, it provides cooling; if it releases heat to the interior of your home, it provides heating. The difference in absorption heat pumps is that the evaporated ammonia is not pumped up in pressure in a compressor, but is instead absorbed into water. A relatively low-power pump can then pump the solution up to a higher pressure. The problem then is removing the ammonia from the water, and that's where the heat source comes in. The heat essentially boils the ammonia out of the water, starting the cycle again. A key component in the units now on the market is generator absorber heat exchanger technology, or GAX, which boosts the efficiency of the unit by recovering the heat that is released when the ammonia is absorbed into the

water. Other innovations include high-efficiency vapor separation, variable ammonia flow rates, and low-emissions, variable-capacity combustion of the natural gas.

 

 

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