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контрольная работа. Английский язык. 1. ПРОЧИТАЙТЕ И ПЕРЕВЕДИТЕ ТЕКСТ FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT It is difficult to define exactly what we mean by the term “management”. It would be generally agreed, however, that a manager is responsible for the effective planning and running of a business. The definition of management we will be using in this text is: “Management is the process used to accomplish organizational goals through planning, organizing, directing, and controlling people and other organizational resources”. This definition spells out the four key functions of management: planning, org
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FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT
It is difficult to define exactly what we mean by the term “management”. It would be generally agreed, however, that a manager is responsible for the effective planning and running of a business. The definition of management we will be using in this text is: “Management is the process used to accomplish organizational goals through planning, organizing, directing, and controlling people and other organizational resources”. This definition spells out the four key functions of management: planning, organizing, directing, and controlling.
Planning includes anticipating future trends and determining the best strategies and tactics to achieve organizational goals and objectives. The main steps in the planning process are as follows:
· Setting organizational goals;
· Developing strategies to reach those goals;
· Determining resources needed;
· Setting standards.
It is important to understand what goals are and how they differ from objectives. Goals are the broad, long-term accomplishments an organization wishes to attain. Objectives, on the other hand, are specific, short-term tasks that must be completed to achieve the goals.
Planning answers three fundamental questions for business:
1. What is the situation now?
2. Where do we want to go?
3. How can we get there from here? This is the most important part of planning, it takes three forms.
a) Strategic (long-range) planning determines the major goals of the organization and the policies and strategies for obtaining and using resources to achieve those goals. At the strategic planning stage, the company decides which customers to serve, what products or services to sell, and the geographic areas in which the firm will compete.
b) Tactical (short-range) planning is the process of developing detailed, short-term decisions about what is to be done, who is to do it, and how it is to be done. Tactical planning involves defining specific plans to achieve broad strategic plans. Tactical planning is normally done by managers at lower levels of the organization, whereas strategic planning is done by the top managers of the firm. Tactical planning involves setting annual budgets and deciding on other details of how to meet the strategic objectives.
c) Contingency planning is the preparation of alternative courses of action that may be used if the primary plans do not achieve the objectives of the organization. The economic and competitive environments change so rapidly that it is wise to have alternative plans of action ready in anticipation of such changes.
Organizing includes designing the organizational structure, attracting people to the organization, and creating conditions and systems that ensure that everyone and everything works together to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization.
When organizing, a manager develops a structure that relates all workers, tasks, and resources to each other. All these relationships are shown in an organization chart. The organization chart pictures who reports to whom and who is responsible for each task. The corporate hierarchy illustrated on the organization chart includes top, middle, and first-line managers.
Top management is the highest level of management and consists of the president and other key company executives who develop strategic plans. Middle management includes
branch and plant managers, deans, and department heads who are responsible for tactical plans. Supervisory (first-line) management includes people directly responsible for assigning specific jobs to workers and evaluating their daily performance; they are often known as first-line managers because they are the first level above workers.
Directing is guiding and motivating others to work effectively to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization.
The process of directing is quite different, however, at the various levels of the organization. The top managers are concerned with the broad overview of where the company is heading. Their immediate subordinates are middle managers who are responsible, in turn, for directing workers to meet company objectives. The directions of top managers to subordinates, therefore, are characteristically broad and open-ended. The farther down the corporate ladder, the more specific the manager’s directions become. First-line managers allocate much of their time to giving specific, detailed instructions to employees.
Controlling is checking to determine whether or not an organization is progressing toward its goals and objectives, and taking corrective action if it is not. The control function, therefore, is the heart of the management system because it provides the feedback that enables managers to adjust to any deviations from plans and to changes that have occurred in the environment that have affected performance.
Задание I. Подберите данным терминам соответствующие определения.
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1. The process used to accomplish organizational goals through planning, organizing, directing, and controlling organizational resources.
2. Process of preparing alternative courses of action that may be used if the primary plans do not achieve the objectives of the organization.
3. Management function which involves anticipating future trends and determining the best strategies and tactics to achieve organizational objectives.
4. Management function which involves checking to determine whether or not an organization is progressing toward its goals and objectives, and taking corrective action if it is not.
5. Management function which involves designing the organizational structure, attracting people to the organization, and creating conditions and systems that ensure that everyone and everything work together to achieve the objectives of the organization.
6. Highest level of management, consisting of the president and other key company executives who develop strategic plans.
7. Process of determining the major goals of the organization and the policies and strategies for obtaining and using resources to achieve those goals.
8. Process of developing detailed, short-term decisions about what is to be done, who is to do it, and how it is to be done.
9. First level of management above employees; includes people directly responsible for assigning specific jobs to employees and evaluating their daily performance.
10. Guiding and motivating others to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization.
11. Level of management which includes plant managers and department heads who are responsible for tactical plans.
12. Specific, short-term statements detailing how to achieve the organizational goals.
13. Broad, long-term accomplishments an organization wishes to attain.
Задание II. Используйте термины из задания I, чтобы заполнить пропуски в предложениях.
1. This firm suffers losses. It needs better __________ rather than more money.
2. The business is always risky, that’s why managers usually have several __________.
3. Before starting a business you should set ___________.
4. The main functions of management are __________, ___________, ___________, and ____________.
5. ___________ never assigns tasks for workers, it is responsible for strategic planning.
6. ___________ is the heart of the management, because it allows to adjust if the business follows the right direction.
